Author: Lubaba Zarshal

A. Cognitive interviews
B. Offender profiling
C. Being community- based
D. Focus on the relationship with parents
E. There are no successful treatment programs for offenders

A. Indiscriminate of treatment programme helps to reduce recidivism.
B. The type of treatment programme is important, with stronger evidence for unstructured behavioural and multi- model approaches.
C. The most successful studies, while behavioural in nature, include a cognitive component.
D. The most effective programmes have low treatment integrity.

A. Aggression replacement training
B. What Works program
C. Statement validity assessment
D. The stanford study
E. The Cambridge study

A. Anger management
B. Encoding social cues
C. Deception
D. Memory retrieval
E. School performance

A. Distal factors
B. Conduct disorder
C. Poor parenting
D. Peers
E. B and C

A. Overly harsh or lax parenting style.
B. Criminality in the family.
C. Low intelligence.
D. All of the above.

A. The essential element in a coerced- internalized confession is the suspect’s memory for events is correct and that the police version must therefore be false.
B. This type of confession is the direct opposite of cognitive dissonance.
C. Gudjonsson’s notion of interrogative suggestibility consider the extent to which people still maintain their responses despite intenseing.
D. Situational stress, individual factors and current psychological state can all combine to trigger suggestibility to misleading information on the part of the suspect, and so produce a false confession.

A. Coerced confession
B. Coerced compliance
C. Voluntary confession
D. Voluntary compliance
E. A and B

A. Life events theory
B. Self – regulatory model
C. Protection motivation theory
D. Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
E. Health belief model

A. Lazarus argued that stress involves a transaction between an individual and his or her external world.
B. Lazarus argued that a stress response is elicited if the individual appraises an event as stressful.
C. In primary appraisal , the individual initially appraises his or her coping strategies.
D. In secondary appraisal, the individual appraisal the event.