Language And Thought

The temporary inability to retrieve a word that is well-known to us is referred to as the:

A. Recency effect
B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C. Wernicke’s aphasia
D. Acquired dyslexia
E. Broca’s aphasia

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While considerable research suggests that human’s exhibit relatively poor reasoning ability what reasons have been given to be critical of this research?

A. Rationality is not absolute
B. Experiments lack ecological validity
C. Satisficing responses are rational responses
D. People have limited time and data available
E. All of the above

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When two groups of participants were each shown a different set of results based on a experiment with rats, both groups reported that the results shown to them were obvious outcomes. This suggests that sometimes things appear to be more obvious than they should. Which cognitive phenomenon can explain this effect?

A. Hindsight bias
B. Intuition
C. Availability heuristic
D. Conditional reasoning

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All of the following qualities describe reasoning by intuition except for:

A. Occurs automatically
B. Fast analysis of information
C. Strong feeling of conviction
D. Logical analysis

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Which of the following is an example of people’s reliance on the representativeness heuristic to make decisions or judgements?

A. People report that they did more than 50% of the work in domestic situations
B. People tend to overestimate car accidents
C. People are more likely to attribute a case of heartbum to spicy food than bland food
D. People tend to underestimate death from diabetes

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Which one of the following statements are true of the Wason selection, or four-card problem (Wason,1966)?
1. The Wason Selection Task is a good task because it produces identical results in concrete and abstract forms
2. In general, concrete versions of the task are more difficult to think about than uncluttered abstract versions.
3. Although the task is one of pure reasoning some concrete versions are easier because of how we think in certain social situations.
4. People typically pick one card correctly, but pick an inappropriate one as the second choice in the original version of the task.

A. 1 & 2
B. 3 & 4
C. 1 & 4
D. 2 & 3

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With respect to anagram problems, which of the following statements are correct?

A. The simplest strategy is blind search, in which you just move to letters around blindly until a phrase appears
B. Constraining the search space will help to speed up the problem-solving process
C. All the problems can be construed in terms of search spaces
D. All of the above

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Research studies that examine people’s responses on the Watson Selection test, the military problem puzzle and speak-aloud protocols have demonstrated that reasoning about problems is strongly influenced by:

A. Logic
B. Detection of the problem
C. Conditional of the problem
D. Heuristics
E. Representation of the problem

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With respect problem-solving which of the following statements is true?

A. Being numerate calls for a standard application of arithmetic procedures drawn from memory
B. Creative problem-solving can also be done according to formula
C. Even if we experience the same problem type over and over again creative problem-solving never become routine
D. None of the above

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According to Lakoff, metaphors have a significant influence in how we think and understand our social worlds, Which of the following examples below is not an example of metaphor?

A. A good book is like a good meal
B. Necessity is the mother of invention
C. When Helen heard the news, she almost had a meltdown
D. There was considerable political fallout from the scandal

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